When A sits next to V, their diagonals leave extra white space that isn't there for other pairs — so uniform spacing makes that one gap look loose. Kerning applies pair-specific corrections that the type designer baked into the font. Better fonts ship with denser kerning-pair tables.
Browsers apply a font's kerning table by default (`font-kerning: normal`). Turn it off with `font-kerning: none` and pairs like AV or TA lose their correction, widening the whole word. The demo sets the same word "AVATAR" both ways and measures the actual rendered pixel width of each.
Large text — logos, headlines — makes bad kerning obvious, so designers often hand-adjust individual pairs (optical kerning) in design tools rather than trusting the font alone.
When to use
At body-text sizes, leave the browser default (on) alone. Hand-adjust individual pairs only for logos, wordmarks, or large headlines where you're polishing pixel by pixel.