linear-gradient changes colour along a direction and radial-gradient from a centre outward, but conic-gradient changes colour by angle (0–360deg) — the only CSS gradient that can render a true HSL colour wheel.
You can set a from angle and an at position. For something like a filling progress ring, the simplest approach is updating a custom property (--p) with JS every frame.
When to use
Use for loading spinners, colour pickers, progress rings. If used as a pie chart, also expose the angle data as text for accessibility.